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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.109 CL Chile FI B * CM Cameroon CN China * CO Colombia B * CR Costa Rica B * CS Czechoslovakia FI B * CU Cuba CV Cape Verde CX Christmas Island CY Cyprus B * DE Germany FI B * DJ Djibouti DK Denmark FI B * DM Dominica DO Dominican Republic P DZ Algeria B * EC Ecuador FI B * EE Estonia FI * Ex-USSR also via .su domain EG Egypt B * EH Western Sahara ES Spain FI B * ET Ethiopia FI Finland FI B * FJ Fiji * FK Falkland Isl.(Malvinas) FM Micronesia FO Faroe Islands FR France FI B * FX France (European Ter.) ??? GA Gabon GB Great Britain (UK) FI * X.400 address gateway GD Grenada GE Georgia Ex-USSR GH Ghana GI Gibraltar GL Greenland GP Guadeloupe (Fr.) GQ Equatorial Guinea GF Guyana (Fr.) GM Gambia GN Guinea GR Greece FI B * GT Guatemala P GU Guam (US) GW Guinea Bissau GY Guyana HK Hong Kong FI B * HM Heard & McDonald Isl. HN Honduras HR Croatia PFI * Ex-Yugoslavia via .yu HT Haiti HU Hungary FI B * ID Indonesia * IE Ireland FI B * IL Israel FI B * IN India FI B * IO British Indian O. Terr. IQ Iraq IR Iran IS Iceland FI * IT Italy FI B * JM Jamaica JO Jordan JP Japan FI B * KE Kenya KG Kirgistan Ex-USSR KH Cambodia KI Kiribati KM Comoros KN St.Kitts Nevis Anguilla P KP Korea (North) KR Korea (South) FI B * KW Kuwait PFI B * No computers for Gulfnet(B) KY Cayman Islands KZ Kazachstan Ex-USSR LA Laos LB Lebanon LC Saint Lucia P LI Liechtenstein LK Sri Lanka P LR Liberia LS Lesotho LT Lithuania * Ex-USSR LU Luxembourg LV Latvia * Ex-USSR LY Libya MA Morocco MC Monaco MD Moldavia Ex-USSR MG Madagascar MH Marshall Islands ML Mali MM Myanmar MN Mongolia MO Macau P MP Northern Mariana Isl. MQ Martinique (Fr.) MR Mauritania MS Montserrat MT Malta MU Mauritius MV Maldives MW Malawi MX Mexico FI B * MY Malaysia * MZ Mozambique P NA Namibia * NC New Caledonia (Fr.) NE Niger NF Norfolk Island NG Nigeria NI Nicaragua P NL Netherlands FI B * NO Norway FI B * NP Nepal NR Nauru NT Neutral Zone NU Niue NZ New Zealand FI * OM Oman PA Panama PE Peru PF Polynesia (Fr.) PG Papua New Guinea * PH Philippines PK Pakistan * PL Poland FI B * PM St. Pierre & Miquelon PN Pitcairn PT Portugal FI B * PR Puerto Rico (US) FI B * PW Palau PY Paraguay * QA Qatar RE Reunion (Fr.) FI * In .fr domain RO Romania P Future BITNET connection RU Russian Federation Ex-USSR RW Rwanda SA Saudi Arabia B * GulfNet SB Solomon Islands SC Seychelles SD Sudan SE Sweden FI B * SG Singapore FI B * SH St. Helena SI Slovenia PFI * Ex-Yugoslavia also via .yu SJ Svalbard & Jan Mayen Is SL Sierra Leone SM San Marino SN Senegal SO Somalia SR Suriname ST St. Tome and Principe SU Soviet Union FI B * Still used. SV El Salvador SY Syria SZ Swaziland TC Turks & Caicos Islands TD Chad TF French Southern Terr. TG Togo TH Thailand FI * TJ Tadjikistan Ex-USSR TK Tokelau TM Turkmenistan Ex-USSR TN Tunisia FI B * TO Tonga TP East Timor TR Turkey B * TT Trinidad & Tobago TV Tuvalu TW Taiwan FI B * TZ Tanzania UA Ukraine * Ex-USSR via .su domain UG Uganda UK United Kingdom FI B * ISO 3166 code is GB UM US Minor outlying Isl. US United States FI * .us sites NOT on BITNET (4) UY Uruguay * UZ Uzbekistan Ex-USSR VA Vatican City State VC St.Vincent & Grenadines P VE Venezuela * VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (US) VN Vietnam VU Vanuatu WF Wallis & Futuna Islands WS Samoa YE Yemen YU Yugoslavia FI B * Bitnet not at the moment ZA South Africa FI * ZM Zambia ZR Zaire ZW Zimbabwe * See Note [5] for the next fields: ARPA Old style Arpanet * alias still works !!! COM Commercial FI * EDU Educational FI B * GOV Government FI * INT International field FI * used by Nato MIL US Military FI * NATO Nato field * being replaced by .int NET Network FI * ORG Non-Profit OrganizationFI * +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ DISCLAIMER: while every effort is made to provide accurate information, this list is not guaranteed to be accurate. This document is in NO WAY an official document. The information given should not be used as a basis for routing tables but only as general end-user information. This is a voluntary effort. I would appreciate greatly if errors/omissions could be pointed out to me and they would be corrected in the next release. The information included in this document implies no view whatsoever regarding questions of sovereignty or the status of any place listed. Affiliation to Imperial College is given for identification purposes only. -- Olivier M.J. Crepin-Leblond, Digital Comms. Section, Elec. Eng. Department Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BT, UK Internet/Bitnet: <foobar@ic.ac.uk> - Janet: <foobar@uk.ac.ic> Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu comp.unix.ultrix:17839 comp.sys.dec:13371 news.answers:4363 Newsgroups: comp.unix.ultrix,comp.sys.dec,news.answers Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!ira.uka.de!news.belwue.de!ifi!news From: treese@lcs.mit.edu Subject: comp.unix.ultrix Frequently Asked Questions Version: 1.4 Message-ID: <1992Dec2.134523.26063@ifi.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de> Followup-To: comp.unix.ultrix Summary: This posting contains a list of Frequently Asked Questions (and their answers) about the ULTRIX operating system from Digital Equipment Corporation. Last-Modified: 30 November 1992 Sender: news@informatik.uni-stuttgart.de Organization: Informatik, Uni Stuttgart, Germany Date: Wed, 2 Dec 1992 13:45:23 GMT Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Archive-Name: ultrix-faq Lines: 1563 This is the Frequently Asked Questions posting for comp.unix.ultrix. It is also posted on comp.sys.dec, but it is not a full FAQ for comp.sys.dec. This FAQ is available in the following archive sites, in the file /pub/DEC/ultrix-faq.txt. gatekeeper.dec.com crl.dec.com decuac.dec.com It can also be obtained by sending mail to ftpmail@pa.dec.com with the following lines: connect get /pub/DEC/ultrix-faq.txt If the location of a file in an archive is not specifically mentioned below, it is in /pub/DEC on the above machines. To make suggestions for changes or additions to this Frequently Asked Questions list, send mail to ultrix-faq@crl.dec.com. Answers are especially appreciated. An archive of recent postings to comp.unix.ultrix can be found via anonymous FTP on ftp.cc.rochester.edu in /pub/usenet/comp.unix.ultrix. Thanks to folks at the University of Rochester for providing this service. Some general notes: When used alone, the word "DECstation" is used to mean any of the DECstations or DECsystems that use MIPS RISC processors. Unless otherwise specified, these answers refer to ULTRIX 4.3, which is the current release of ULTRIX. Many people have contributed to this list, directly or indirectly. In some cases, an answer has been adapted from one or more postings on the comp.unix.ultrix newsgroup. Our thanks to all of those who post answers. The name (or names) at the end of an entry indicate that the information was taken from postings by those individuals; the text may have been edited for this FAQ. This posting is not an official statement from Digital Equipment Corporation. Alpha ===================================================== A1. Where can I get more information about Alpha? **NEW** A2. Where can I find software that has been ported to Alpha? **NEW** A3. How well do Alpha systems perform? **NEW** A4. What does the "AXP" in "DEC 3000 Model 400 AXP Workstation" mean? **NEW** Software ====================================================== S1. How do I play music CDs on DEC CD-ROM drives? S2. Why does dxpsview sometimes crash with an X error? S3. How do I compile perl on RISC/ULTRIX? S4. Is it possible to run the newer 4.3 BSD syslogd on ULTRIX? S5. Where can I get a T-shell (tcsh) that works on ULTRIX 4.2? S6. How do I build gdb on RISC/ULTRIX? S7. Why doesn't "talk" work between DECstations and other machines? S8. Why doesn't troff work? **NEW** S9. How are /bin/sh and /usr/bin/sh5 related? **NEW** Installation ====================================================== I1. How do I copy a setld(8) tape? I2. How do I copy a CDROM installation kit to TK50? Network ====================================================== N1. What does the message "named: accept: Too many open files" in syslog mean, and how can I fix it? N2. Why don't packet-filter applications like "tcpdump" or CAP work? **CHANGED* N3. OK, I've done all that and CAP still doesn't run. N4. I want to run the "screend" program but I get "Operation not supported on socket". N5. I want to use screend but I'm not sure how to set up the /etc/screend.conf configuration file. N6. Why can't ULTRIX 4.2 mount NFS filesystems that could be mounted with ULTRIX 4.1? N7. How do I change the IP address of a diskless client? N8. Is ONC RPC (formerly "Sun RPC") supported under ULTRIX - and what should I do to port my existing applications that rely on it? N9. How can I disable forwarding of IP packets on an ULTRIX system with two network interfaces? N10. How can I run network daemons from inetd as users other than root? **NEW** N11. How do I decode "stale filehandle" messages from NFS? **NEW** Disk ====================================================== D1. Why doesn't ULTRIX 4.1 work with disks bigger than 1.2GBytes? D2. Where can I get a disktab entry for the XXX disk? Programming ====================================================== P1. What does "unaligned access" mean, and how can I fix it? Laser and Line Printers ====================================================== L1. Where can I get a printcap entry for the XXX printer? Graphics ====================================================== G1. Why does the X server use so much memory? G2. How can I build an X11R5 server for an ULTRIX 4.1 machine? G3. How do I change or get rid of the Digital logo on the login screen of my workstation? G4. How do I run MIT X11 Software? G5. How do I build X software that I got from the net? G6. Why do some applications run slowly on the DECstation PX and PXG displays? Hardware ====================================================== H1. What are the pinouts of the MMJ jacks on the back of various DECstations and VAXstations? H2. How do I set the SCSI ID on an RZ25? H3. How can I get detailed information on the TURBOchannel? H4. What third-party hardware can I get for the TURBOchannel? **NEW** H5. Can I mix 8-Megabyte and 32-Megabyte boards in the DECstation 5000/xxx family? H6. How can I find out which type of DECstation 5000 I have? Miscellaneous ====================================================== M1. What is the floating-point number representation on ULTRIX? M2. If the console is a graphics device, can it be used as a terminal for full-screen applications? M3. How do I read a tar image from a TK50 tape if my only TK50 is on a VMS machine? M4. Where can I get free source code for interesting programs on ULTRIX? M5. Where can I get technical information on the DECstation family of machines? M6. Where can I get performance information about DECstations? **CHANGED** M7. Why can't I submit a bug report by electronic mail? M8. How do I send mail to Digital employees? M9. How do I get a list of available patches for my release of Ultrix? M10. How can I get files available by anonymous FTP if I'm not connected to the Internet? M11. How can I write documentation in Bookreader format? **NEW** M12. Why does ULTRIX restrict the number of users on the system? **NEW** M13. Where else can I discuss ULTRIX with other users? **NEW** M14. Where can I get on-line copies of the DEC Software Product Descriptions (SPD)? **NEW* ******************** Alpha *************************************** ===================================================== A1. Where can I get more information about Alpha? **NEW** A variety of documents about the Alpha architecture and systems can be copied from gatekeeper.dec.com:/pub/DEC/Alpha. See the README file for more information. ===================================================== A2. Where can I find software that has been ported to Alpha? **NEW** gatekeeper.dec.com:/pub/DEC/Alpha/apps has several free programs that have been ported to Alpha. Alpha support is also appearing in many kits from the originator. ===================================================== A3. How well do Alpha systems perform? **NEW** Here is the SPEC performance summary for the Alpha systems announced in November, 1992: DEC 10000 Model 610 AXP, @200 MHz SPECmark89 184.14 SPECint89 104.52 SPECfp89 268.60 SPECint92 106.54 SPECfp92 200.36 DEC 7000 Model 610 AXP, @182 MHz SPECmark89 167.43 SPECint89 95.06 SPECfp89 244.18 SPECint92 96.58 SPECfp92 182.11 DEC 4000 Model 610 AXP, @160 MHz SPECmark89 136.23 SPECint89 83.73 SPECfp89 188.45 SPECint92 83.51 SPECfp92 143.10 DEC 3000 Model 500 AXP, @150 MHz SPECmark89 121.50 SPECint89 73.47 SPECfp89 169.89 SPECint92 74.30 SPECfp92 126.0 DEC 3000 Model 400 AXP, @133 MHz SPECmark89 108.14 SPECint89 65.80 SPECfp89 150.6 SPECint92 65.32 SPECfp92 112.2 ===================================================== A4. What does the "AXP" in "DEC 3000 Model 400 AXP Workstation" mean? **NEW** The AXP is part of the trademark. Trademarking a name internationally is challenging. ******************** Software *************************************** ============================================== S1. How do I play music CDs on DEC CD-ROM drives? Music CDs can be played through a speaker jack on RRD42 CD-ROM drives, which is the one contained in the DECstation 5000/{120,125} box. There are two different programs: A command line version and a Motif-based version. Both can be found in: gatekeeper.dec.com or decuac.dec.com in /pub/DEC: cdp.c[.Z] /* command line version */ xcd_source.tar.Z /* Motif version. */ Neither of these programs is supported by Digital. ============================================== S2. Why does dxpsview sometimes crash with an X error? dxpsview will often behave better if the "Watch Progress" item is selected from the Options menu. You can use the following resource in your .Xdefaults file: DPSViewer*watchProgress: on to make this the default behavior. Some have reported that disabling the use of PostScript comments also helps: DPSViewer*useComments: off ============================================== S3. How do I compile perl on RISC/ULTRIX? The following is valid for perl 4.0, patchlevel 10. They will probably change in patchlevel 19. The biggest trick in compiling perl on RISC/ULTRIX is fixing its notion of "volatile". To do this, when Configure stops and asks you if you want to edit config.sh, do so. Search for the word "volatile" and change the "define" on that line to "undef". On machines with a relatively small amount of memory, you may not want to use -O on eval.c, since the compiler can end up taking a long time to compile that file. If the source directory is NFS-mounted, it is usually the case that you will see the message io/fs..........FAILED on test 18 This is harmless and can be ignored. For patchlevel 19, you can ignore the comments above about "volatile". ============================================== S4. Is it possible to run the newer 4.3 BSD syslogd on ULTRIX? A version of the 4.3BSD syslog library and daemon that detects either 4.2bsd-compatible clients (which is what the Ultrix libc.a will help you create) or 4.3bsd-compatible clients, which are more flexible, is available by anonymous FTP from gatekeeper.dec.com in /pub/DEC/jtkohl-syslog.shar. Another version that supports regular expressions in syslog.conf is available from decuac.dec.com, in /pub/DEC/syslog43.urc.tar.Z ============================================== S5. Where can I get a T-shell (tcsh) that works on ULTRIX 4.2? Versions of tcsh later than 6.01 run on ULTRIX 4.2. The latest version the FAQ editor knows is 6.02, available by anonymous FTP from tesla.ee.cornell.edu. You do not need csh sources for this version of tcsh. ============================================== S6. How do I build gdb on RISC/ULTRIX? To build gdb, you will also need to install the GNU make. For gdb 4.0 and later: - unpack the tar file - cd <tar-root> - ./configure +subdirs decstation - cd H-decstation/T-decstation - gnumake This will build the gdb binary in <tar-root>/gdb/H-decstation/T-decstation/gdb Install this binary in the location of your choice (e.g. /usr/local/bin) ============================================== S7. Why doesn't "talk" work between DECstations and other machines? The original Berkeley talk protocol did not use network byte order, so machines with different byte order could not talk to each other. This was fixed in 4.3BSD, and in recent versions of ULTRIX. Some vendors have not fixed their software. The 4.3BSD talk software is available from many FTP archive sites. ============================================== S8. Why doesn't troff work? **NEW** Digital doesn not support troff on ULTRIX, mostly because of the way AT&T licenses the software now. However, you can use groff (GNU roff) which works pretty nicely and generates pure PostScript. There's a RISC/ULTRIX binary kit for groff available for FTP from decuac.dec.com in [Marcus Ranum, mjr@decuac.dec.com] ============================================== S9. How are /bin/sh and /usr/bin/sh5 related? **NEW** /bin/sh on ULTRIX is the traditional Bourne shell. /usr/bin/sh5 is the newer "System V" shell and has functions and a few other odds and ends added to it. A comparison of the manual pages will give an idea of the differences. [Marcus Ranum, mjr@decuac.dec.com] ******************** Installation *************************************** ============================================== I1. How do I copy a setld(8) tape? First, a few words about the format of a setld tape. Tapes used by setld(8) consist of a number of tape files that contain the product subsets, installation control files and other stuff. The fourth file on the tape is an uncompressed tar(1) archive of the inventory files (.inv), subset control programs (.scp) and control information (.ctrl). There is also a file that lists the subsets, their sizes and checksums (.image). The tapes files after the 4th are the subset files. They may or may not be compressed. They will have a block size of 10 KB. The order of lines in the .image file is the order of subset on the tape, with the classic exception. There are two flavors of tapes; Layered product tapes and ULTRIX distribution tapes. The first three files on layered product tapes will typically be space holders and only one 10 KB file. Distribution tapes use the first three files for other things. The 3rd of these files is dump(8) image of the root file system. The block size of this file will be 10 KB. In the .image file for the distribution it would be listed ROOT: 44419 12720 ROOT 01690 12080 UDTBASE420 47187 14340 UDTBIN420 etc... So, on this distribution tape ROOT is 3rd, the installation control archive (INSTCTRL) is 4th, UDTBASE420 is 5th and so on. The first two files are a primary and secondary boot program. Whether the 2nd is necessary depends on system architecture. The MIPS-based systems typically only use the first boot file; the VAX uses both. The block size of the first boot program is 512 bytes. Copying a setld tape Use dd(1) to copy each tape file using the appropriate block size. When you run out of tape input files you're done. For example, if you are using two tape drives: dd bs=512 if=/dev/nrmt0h of=/dev/nrmt1h dd bs=10240 if=/dev/nrmt0h of=/dev/nrmt1h dd bs=10240 if=/dev/nrmt0h of=/dev/nrmt1h ... mt -f /dev/nrmt0h rew mt -f /dev/nrmt1h rew ============================================== I2. How do I copy a CDROM installation kit to TK50? The two shell shell scripts below can be used to duplicate CDROM or disk layered product distributions (note: not the base system) onto a TK50. They are not supported by Digital. --------------------------cut here-------------------------------------------- #!/bin/sh5 # cdrom_kitcap # This script is based on one from "Guide for Preparing Software for # Distribution" (but this one really works). This script prepares the # /etc/kitcap file which is needed by the gentapes script to create, # in this specific case, a copy of cdrom software (layered product only) # to TK50... # note: this script uses tmp space, insure $TMPDIR is pointing to a file # system with enough space to copy files... # Original author: John R. Frandsen, Digital Equipment Corporation TMPDIR=/usr/tmp KITCAP=$TMPDIR/kitcap CURVOL=1 BINDIR=`pwd` touch $TMPDIR/space tar cf $TMPDIR/SPACE $TMPDIR/space cd instctrl I=`expr *.image : '$.*$.image'` echo "Your product code is $I" tar cf $TMPDIR/INSTCTRL * echo "${I}TK:$TMPDIR:SPACE:SPACE:SPACE:INSTCTRL:\\" >> $KITCAP for S in `awk '{print $3}' *.image` do [ $S = ROOT ] && continue . $S.ctrl set -- `(IFS=:;echo $MTLOC)` VOL=$1 LOC=$2 [ $VOL -ne $CURVOL ] && { echo ":%%$VOL CURVOL=$VOL" >> $KITCAP } echo ":$S\\" >> $KITCAP cp $BINDIR/$S $TMPDIR done echo >> $KITCAP mv $TMPDIR/kitcap /etc cd $BINDIR --------------------------cut here-------------------------------------------- #!/bin/sh5 # disk_kitcap # This script is based on one from "Guide for Preparing Software for # Distribution" (but this one really works). This script prepares the # /etc/kitcap file which is needed by the gentapes script to create, # in this specific case, a copy of disk software (layered product only) # to TK50... # Original author: John R. Frandsen, Digital Equipment Corporation KITCAP=/tmp/kitcap CURVOL=1 touch space tar cf SPACE space cd instctrl I=`expr *.image : '$.*$.image'` echo "Your product code is $I" cp $I.image .. tar cf ../INSTCTRL * cd .. echo "${I}TK:`pwd`:SPACE:SPACE:SPACE:INSTCTRL:\\" >> $KITCAP cd instctrl for S in `awk '{print $3}' *.image` do [ $S = ROOT ] && continue . $S.ctrl set -- `(IFS=:;echo $MTLOC)` VOL=$1 LOC=$2 [ $VOL -ne $CURVOL ] && { echo ":%%$VOL CURVOL=$VOL" >> $KITCAP } echo ":$S\\" >> $KITCAP done echo >> $KITCAP mv /tmp/kitcap /etc #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ******************** Network *************************************** ============================================== N1. What does the message "named: accept: Too many open files" in syslog mean, and how can I fix it? There is a bug in the ULTRIX version of named that causes it to run out of file descriptors when it does too many zone transfers. A somewhat different version of named that does not have this problem can be found in cra-bind.tar.Z. This version cannot use Kerberos for server-server authentication, as the ULTRIX version can. It does support Hesiod data and queries. It is not supported by Digital, although it is in active use on Digital's Internet machines. ============================================== N2. Why don't packet-filter applications like "tcpdump" or CAP work? Probably because you have not configured the packet filter into the kernel. The default kernel configurations do NOT include the packet filter. See "man 4 packetfilter" for full details, but basically the process involves editing your kernel configuration file add "options PACKETFILTER" add "pseudo-device packetfilter" rebuilding your kernel installing the new kernel booting the new kernel "cd /dev; MAKEDEV pfilt" to create the required entries You might also want to add the following lines to /etc/rc.local: [ -f /usr/etc/pfconfig ] && { /usr/etc/pfconfig +p +c -a 2>&1 & echo -n ' pfconfig' >/dev/console } This allows you to use promiscuous-mode applications, such as "tcpdump" or "nfswatch". Note that the '-a' option to pfconfig allows any user to spy on the network. If it is omitted, only root may do so. There are also some patches for ULTRIX 4.2 and 4.2A for the packetfilter code. Call Digital's Customer Support if you need them. The official description of the patches is below; here is some background information. ULTRIX 4.3 has all of the patches included. Note: these patches cause DECnet-OSI not to work. To run DECnet-OSI on ULTRIX 4.3, you will need the latest patched version of net_common.o for 4.3. Although not mentioned in the description, these patches should also make Ultrix more forgiving of certain incorrect 802.3 packets. Such packets are sent by some 3rd-party implementations. I don't think this will fix the problem in every case, since some Digital Ethernet interfaces filter out "bad" 802.3 packets in hardware. The patches should work for DECstations and most DECsystems. Note that if you install these patches and you have been running CAP, you should recompile CAP after removing the definition for ULT42PFBUG from the Configure script. The ULT42PFBUG patch to CAP will not work once the kernel has been patched. You should also *stop* doing ifconfig ln0 copyall once you install the patches. If you have been using tcpdump, nfswatch, or a similar monitoring program on an FDDI network, installing these patches will probably make that not work. You will still be able to use tcpdump on an Ethernet, of course. The reason for this is that tcpdump only worked on FDDI networks because of the bug that is fixed by these patches.